Foreigners in Uruguay

Assistance in finding a place to live in Uruguay

2011-01-22T14:09:00.000-08:00

Where will you live in Montevideo?:

Where will you live once you arrive in Uruguay? What are the alternatives? First of all you have to decide what is the best choice for the period of time you will be staying. For less than three months the best alternatives will be a hotel or hostel, or an apartment rented per day.

Hotels prices (per day):

2 Stars and Hostels: u$s 20 to 60, depending on the zone they are located.

3 Stars: u$s 40 to 100.

4 Stars: u$s 100 to 150.

5 Stars : u$s 150 to 250.

Apartments rented per day: u$s 40 to 100.

For periods longer than three months it will be better, and cheaper, to rent an apartment or house.

Furnished apartments prices per month:

Studio: u$s 300 to 600

One bedroom: u$s 500 to u$s 1000

Two bedrooms: u$s 700 to u$s 1500

Furnished houses prices per month:

U$s 700 to u$s 3000 depending on the zone.

The normal period for renting is one year, but some owners accept shorter periods, three or six months. At the moment of renting a guarantee is requested. The guarantee is usually an amount equal to six month´s rent to be deposited in a bank. This amount will be returned once the rent is finished. This guarantee will be used by the owner to cover unpaid rent or damages to the property.

A contract must be signed and in some cases additional expenses might be generated, like real estate agent fees or notary public charges.

Renting might generate further monthly expenses:

Common expenses: depending on the services provided might vary from u$s 50 to u$s 200.

Taxes: u$s 10 to u$s 100.

Electricity, gas, telephone, internet and cable TV: depending on usage.

All mentioned amounts are estimated and might vary.

What can I do for you?:

Once you decide to come to Montevideo, I can help you find a hotel, hostel or apartment. When you arrive I will meet with you to welcome you and give you general information on Uruguay and Montevideo, or the city where you will be staying, and clarify any further doubts or questions that you might have. I will remain available for further assistance as required.

If you decide to stay for a longer period, in Montevideo, I will assist you in finding an apartment.

I will be open and available for any additional requirements and needs.

What is included in my service?

We will meet and decide on what living accommodation you require. I will look for the apartment/house, accompany you to visit them and be your interpreter with the owner or real estate agent. Assist you in all negotiations, explaining and translating all the required paperwork, and accompany you to the signature of the contract and deposit of the guarantee in the bank. I will be at all times available for further queries and assistance. The service will be absolutely personalized at all times.

Fees:

- A fixed charge of u$s 200.

- A fee equal to a one month rent if an apartment/house is rented for a one year period.

- A fee equal to half a month rent if an apartment/house is rented for six or three months.

STEPS TO OBTAIN THE RESIDENCE PERMIT IN URUGUAY

2009-12-21T12:19:00.000-08:00

One thing you will find once you arrive in Uruguay, is that paperwork is almost a habit. It is, sometimes, frustrating but it's part of the culture so you will just have to play along and hope for the best.

The following is the necessary paperwork to be able to obtain the Residence Permit to live in Uruguay as a foreigner. Once this is finished you will be given a Cedula de Identidad, the official ID Uruguayan document.

The fist step is to obtain an appointment to begin the procedure at the Dirección Nacional de Migraciones in Misiones 1513, Monday through Friday from 9.15 AM to 2.30 PM. For this it is necessary to present the document that was used to enter the country (Passport or other ID).

Once you have been given an appointment you will need the following:

a) A passport photograph.

b) Proof of income:

If you will be working in a Uruguayan company (could be the Uruguayan office of an international company): a certificate signed by a Notary Public certifying the existence of the Uruguayan company, Legal name, validity, legal period of the society, legal address in the country, registration before the BPS and DGI, people authorized to sign on behalf of the company, position, salary or average income in the case of directors. Local Notaries know how to prepare this document.

If you will be working on your own or will live on own income (retirement, etc.), proof of income (at least u$s 500 per month) certified by a local Notary Public.

c) Health Certificate issued for legal residency. To obtain it it is necessary to have an updated tetanus vaccine certificate. The Health Certificate can be issued by the authorized private health institution and the cost is about U$ 1.500 (u$s 80) per person. The Certificate must state "APTO PARA RADICACION O RESIDENCIA LEGAL EN EL PAIS".

d) Exact date of entry to the country presenting the entrance card.

e) Criminal Record certificate issued by the Federal Police institution (FBI or similar) and authenticated by the Uruguayan Consulate in you country of origin (the consulate located closest to your town) and then by the Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This document can also be obtained from the Interpol office in Montevideo.

If before coming to Uruguay you have been living for more than 5 years in a different country (not your own) them you must present 2 Certificates, one issuee by this country and another one from you country of origin.

f) Identity Document that was used to enter the country (passport or ID in the case of Mercosur countries) and a photocopy.

g) In case the spouse is also requesting the residency, then it is necessary to present the Marriage Certificate authenticated by the Uruguayan Consulate in you country of origin (the consulate located closest to your town) and then by the Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a photocopy.

h) Birth Certificate authenticated by the Uruguayan Consulate in you country of origin and then by the Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and photocopies, of those who are requesting the residency, and of any Minor Children there might be. This document has to be presented in the Dirección Nacional de Registro Civil (Uruguay 933) where you will be given a Uruguayan legal Birth Certificate.

All documents written in English (or any other language) must be translated into Spanish, signed and stamped by a Certified Public Translator. If you do not speak Spanish then you will have to be accompanied by an interpreter.

This explanation covers most of the alternatives. For more specific information you can contact me directly.

Bienvenidos al Uruguay

2009-12-19T12:41:00.000-08:00

I’m back:

Sorry for the delay in posting. I was away on vacations and and have been working on some projects for the future.

I went to the south of Argentina and Chile. Mountains, glaciers, snow in springtime, long walks in the woods, and losing myself in nature. But I'm not going into that at this moment. Anyone planning to go there and want information, please write to me at aledelpino101@yahoo.com.ar.

I met many people from different countries. I noticed that when I told them I lived in Uruguay, many did not know anything about this country. I told them about my blog so they could find more information, but I found that I did not have "basic" information on Uruguay. So, let's get the facts.

URUGUAY is a country located in the south-east of South America. It's the second smallest country in the subcontinent after Surinam, with a total surface of 176.214 sq.km (68037 sq.mi). It has borders on the north and north-east with Brazil and on the West with Argentina. Its coasts are washed on the south by the Rio de la Plata and East by the Atlantic Ocean.

It has a population of 3.5 million, 88% of European origin, mainly Spanish. The rest are of Native and African origin.

The official language is Spanish, with the particular intonation of the Rio de la Plata shared by Argentina and Uruguay. According to the United Nations, Uruguay is the country with the highest literacy level of Latin America.

The official name of the country is Republica Oriental del Uruguay. This refers to the fact that, before its independence, it was an eastern province of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Please refer to my July post on the early history of Uruguay.

It is a democratic country with a parliamentary political organization, governed by a President elected every 5 years and a General Assembly formed by the Senate (Cámara de Senadores) and the House of Representatives (Cámara de Diputados).

The country is politically divided into 19 Departamentos. The capital, and biggest city, is Montevideo with 1.7 million people, being the southernmost capital city of the world. Located on the coast of the Rio de la Plata, Montevideo is also a very important port. The seat of the Mercosur organization, international common market formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, is located in Montevideo.

Uruguay's landscape is mostly flat with some low hills on the south-east. Its fertile soil has made agriculture and cattle the base of the economy, exporting large quantities of meat and cereals mostly to the United States, Brazil and Argentina.

Another important source of incomes is tourism. Uruguay has many important beach resorts on the coasts of the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantida and Piriapolis on the Rio and La Paloma, La Pedrera and Punta del Diablo on the Atlantic, are some of the most important ones. And of course, Punta del Este, with beaches on both, has become one of the most important seaside resorts of South America. Visitors from all over the world, mainly Argentina and Brazil visit the beautiful and warm beaches of Uruguay.

Music is a very important part of the Uruguayan culture. The main traditional types of music are the Tango (please see my post of August) and the Candombe. The Tango has a mixed European and African origin and developed in Argentina and Uruguay, and the Candombe ia of African origin and became popular mostly in Uruguay. The Folk, Popular and Rock musics are also very important and there is a surprising number of musicians for such a small country. The Candombe music is the base of the very popular celebration of the Carnival, every year in February.

The most popular sport is football (soccer). Uruguay was the first World Soccer Champion in 1930 and won a second Championship in 1950, in this case beating Brazil in the final match in the Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro. The local teams of Nacional and Peñarol have won numerous international tournaments. The Uruguayan national team will take part in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.

There is a lot more to say about this small but beautiful country. I will go into more details of different aspects in future posts. If there is anything in special you want to know about, just ask. I'll be more than glad to give you the necessary information.

Thanks, and see you in the next post.

Truco - The traditional card game of Uruguay

2009-09-10T15:24:00.000-07:00

The game of Truco (Tick) is one of the most popular card games in the Rio de la Plata. It came originally from Spain and it is also played, with variations, in other countries of South and Central America.

It is played with the Spanish cards deck, that has 4 cards less than the French/English deck. Ace through 9 and the court cards Sota (Jack), Caballo (Horse) and Rey (King). No 10 in this deck. The Truco, furthermore, is played without the 8 and 9 cards which means that only 40 cards are used. The four suits in the Spanish cards are the following:

Espadas (Swords)

Bastos (Clubs)

Oros (Coins)

Copas (Cups

In Truco the points are obtained rather by the player´s skills in getting the opposing player to believe one has the cards one does not necessarily have. It would be a bit like Poker. The better you lie the greater opportunities of winning the game.

Truco is not usually played for money, but only for points and for the fun of it. Many times the match is organized after an Asado as a way of spending a fun afternoon. It is played by two teams of two players who sit facing each other, although there are variants for 2, 3 and 6 players. The winner is the team to first reach 30 points. The points can be counted with beans, matches or some other sort of small element. They can also be jotted down onIt is also common to count the points in a piece of paper. It also requires great team work, as winning depends also on understanding your partner and knowing the cards he has. To do this there are signals that are sent to the player's partner, so he know how to play his own cards.

I will now explain the rules of Truco. About half way you will probably get lost and think the game is too complicated. It is not. There are three things that are basic. Once you learn those the rest is easy. Those three things are:

A) The order of importance of the card

B) The challenges

C) How points are counted

NOTE: the game of Truco is played with slightly different rules in Uruguay and Argentina. I will explain here the Argentine variation because it is simpler and it is the one I know better.

A) The order of the cards, from the highest to the lowest value is the following:

1) Ace of Swords

2) Ace of Clubs

3) 7 of Swords

4) 7 of Coins

5) The four 3s

6) The four 2s

7) The Aces of Coins and Cups

8) The four Reyes (Kings)

9) The four Caballos (Horses)

10) The four Sotas (Jacks)

11) The 7s of Clubs and Cups

12) The four 6s

13) The four 5s

14) The four 4s

The points in Truco are not won by the value of the cards one has, but by challenging the opposing team. There are three "challenges" in the game:

B) The Challenges:

Flor (Flower): any three cards of the same suit. If the two teams have a flower, something very unlikely, then the value of the cards is added and the hand with the highest value wins. It can be agreed, before the game starts, to play without Flor as there is no real challenge and the points are obtained just by luck.

Envido: any two cards of the same suit. The value of an envido is 20 points plus the sum of the two cards. The court figures have 0 value. For example an Envido made of the 3 and the 6 of coins has a value of 29 points (20+3+6). The highest possible Envido is 33 points (20+7+6). The player with the highest points wins the challenge.

Truco: by challenging the opposing team with a "Truco" you are telling them that you are certain you are going to win the round.

C) How points are counted:

Flor: it's worth 3 points. If a Flor is counter challenged (both teams have Flor) then the highest valued Flor wins 6 points.

Envido: Not accepted : 1 point

Accepted : 2 points

Doubled : 4 points

Truco: Not accepted : 1 point

Accepted : 2 points

Doubled : 3 points

Re-doubled : 4 points

If in a round there are no challenges the team that wins the round gets 1 point.

Method of Play:

To begin the game the dealer shuffles the cards and asks the player on his left to "cut" the deck. Once this is done he deals three cards to each player, starting with the one on his right. Some players believe that the cards should be dealt from the bottom of the deck.

The players pick up their cards. In order for the team to play the best possible way, it is necessary for each player to tell his partner if he has any high value cards. To do this he uses expressions on his face. The face signals used in Truco are the following:

Ace of Swords - raising the eyebrows

Ace of Clubs - winking an eye

7 of Swords - a half smile to the right

7 of Coins - a half smile to the left

The four 3s - biting the lower lip

The four 2s - throwing a kiss (silent of course)

The Aces of Coins and Cups - forming an "O" with the mouth

High points for Envido - wiggling the nose (remember Bewitched?)

Low points for Envido - eyes closed

The hardest, and most important, part of passing the signals, is to do it without the other team seeing you. You don't want them to know your cards.

Then begins the discarding and the challenges. Once a challenge is claimed, in a loud voice, the only possible answers are: QUIERO (I accept) or NO QUIERO (I don't accept). No other expressions are acceptable.

If a player has a Flor, he must declare it before any card is played. He must say aloud, "Flor". If the other team does not say anything then he gets 3 points. But if the other team happens to have a Flor too, then the player who has it in his hand repeats, "Flor". The point of the three cards are added (using the method of the Envido) and the team with the highest count wins 6 points.

Then comes the challenge of the Envido. The player who has Envido must declare it before discarding, but he can do it after the other players have discarded. He declares "Envido". If the other team does not accept then the team that declared obtains 1 point. If the other team accepts, the player with the Envido declares in loud voice how many points he has. The team who wins gets 2 points. But if a player of the team that has been challenged repeats the word "Envido", and the counter challenge is accepted, hen the winner gets 4 points

The discard continues. The player who discards the highest valued card wins the discard, and the team that wins two out of the three discards wins the round. At any point of the discard, a player can declare "Truco". This means he expects to win the round (or at least he wants the other team to believe he will). In this case there is a third valid reply, "Quiero Retruco" (I accept and I counter the challenge). If he says this then he becomes the challenger. The original challenger can now accept or not the challenge, but he has another option, "Quiero Vale 4" (I accept for 4 points). This is a counter counter challenge. Of course, if accepted, the winner takes 4 points. The object of raising the stakes (Retruco and Vale 4) can be, either to obtain more points, or to scare away the other player when one does not necessarily have good cards.

I know it sounds complicated, but explained card games are always more complicated than played card games. If you ever get the chance of seeing a game of Truco, just hang around and watch. You will see it is quite exciting. The next step will be to find a place at the table, and find a partner. Who knows, you might be a much better lier than you think. Try it.

Tango

2009-08-23T15:18:00.000-07:00

The Tango is the typical music of the Rio de la Plata region of South America and of the two great cities on the shores of this river - Montevideo and Buenos Aires. Both cities claim its origin but essentially the origin is common to both and as such tango has developed with a certain character in each place.

It is generally accepted that the Tango is originally from three cities - Buenos Aires and Rosario in Argentina and Montevideo in Uruguay. Its distinctive music is played by a typical orchestra or a sextet composed of piano, two bandoneons, two violins and a double bass. The "bandoneon", a type of accordion of German origin, is essential in creating the distinct sound of tango.

The dance begins with an embrace between the man and the woman (although it was originally danced between two men). It is very sensual and the movements of the bodies are very complicated, but there are classes and milongas for all levels.

As a song, the Tango tells stories related to the lives and hardships of everyday man and woman. Its main themes are love - especially unrequited or lost, betrayal, the passage of time, the low down neighbourhood (arrabales) and death. These songs very often use the slang language of Tango called "lunfardo" One of the greatest poets of Tango, Enrique Santos Discepolo, defined it saying that "the Tango is a sad thought that is danced", its passion is also a way of working through grief.

The Tango is an urban music, and it developed together with the cities of its origin. It contains a mixture of African, Latin American and European music. It is closely related to the process of immigration. In the mid 1800´s the "working class" both in Montevideo and in Buenos Aires was made up mainly of three groups -

Black people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and then freed, they had played a very importance role in the war of independence.

The gauchos, who were similar to the North American cowboys - expert horse-riders who lived in the pampas and worked for whoever paid for their services herding cattle. But when the ranches began to be fenced, their freedom was limited and many emigrated to the cities.

The third group were the immigrants. They came mainly from Europe, looking for work and wealth. Many originated from Italy, Spain, England, Portugal, Germany and Syria-Lebanon which created a very ecclectic culture with aspects of the many different nationalities combined.

The people from these three groups went to live mostly in the suburbs, near the riverside, on the slums called arrabales. The tango was born as an expression of their feelings, their hardships and their lives. In this way the Tango can be compared to the Blues in The United States.

The Tango music was commonly played at the brothels. There it began to be heard by people of higher classes, who took it out of the slums and helped it spread. As it became more popular it also became more professional and musicians with more knowledge of music began composing.

In the beginining of the 20th Century the voice and face of Tango, for many still the most important tango singer of all history, was Carlos Gardel. He was born in Tacuarembo, in northern Uruguay, but grew up in Buenos Aires. There he became a well know singer and he travelled to Paris and then New York where he made a number of movies. He died in an air accident in Medellín, Colombia, when he was 48 years old.

The golden age of Tango is considered to be the decade of the 1940´s, with great orchestras like those of Juan D'Arienzo, Carlos Di Sarli, Osvaldo Pugliese and Anibal Troilo and great composers like Julio De Caro, Juan Carlos Cobián and Osvaldo Fresedo. Great lyricist like Enrique Cadicamo, Enrique Santos Discépolo and Homero Manzi and great singers like Roberto "Polaco" Goyeneche and Edmundo Rivero.

In the late 1950's, musicians like Mariano Mores and Anibal Troilo began to experiment with new sounds. But the man who changed Tango music drastically was Astor Piazzola. Piazzola brought to Tango dissonant harmonies and different rythmic bases that were closer to jazz. He also brought influence from classical music. He used different instruments like electronic keyboards, bass guitar, drums and sax. Although his music was claimed not to be Tango by the classicists, his new approach became very popular amongst younger people. He is now internationally considered one of the greatest musicians and composers of the 20th Century.

Tango is still nowadays a very popular music. Singers like Argentina's Adriana Varela or Uruguay's Laura Canoura, Malena Muyala and Francis Andreu have brought new strength and voice to classical tango. Groups like Bajofondo Tango Club, composed of Uruguayan and Argentine musicians, have fused tango with electronic music and rock and recieved excellent reviews. Argentine pianist Adrián Iaies has fused it with jazz.

It has been a long road for Tango. From the slums and whorehouses of Montevideo and Buenos Aires, to the international musical scene. I know that not understanding the lyrics is missing part of the essence of Tango, but there is a lot more that can be enjoyed. From watching two people do the magic and mysterious ballet of the Tango dance, to learning how to dance it yourself. Or just listening to the universal fascination of the music of Astor Piazzola or the warm voice of Carlos Gardel.

Tango is there for all of us to experience, regardless of your nationality or language, it communicates so many emotions that are universally understood.

Dulce de Leche

2009-07-30T14:22:00.000-07:00

Dulce de Leche (Sweet Milk) is the most popular candy in the Rio de la Plata. As with many other things, there is a dispute between Uruguay and Argentina regarding its invention. The important thing is not "who" invented it, but the fact that it was invented and it is here with us to make our lives a lot sweeter.

Legend has it that an important politician many years ago (I will not give names to avoid nationalities) asked his cook to warm some milk with sugar to accompany the Mate. The cook got distracted (for political reasons that we won´t go into) and the milk started to boil. When she remembered and went back to the kitchen the milk had become something brown and thick. When her boss tasted it he liked it and it became a new sweet to be enjoyed at all times. That's how Dulce de Leche was "invented".

It is, of course, not exclusive of the Rio de la Plata. With different names it exists throughout Latin America. Manjar in Chile and Ecuador, Manjar Blanco in Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador and Panama, Arequipe in Colombia and Venezuela, Cajeta in Mexico, Fanguito in Cuba, and Dulce de Leche in Argentina, Uruguay, El Salvador, Honduras, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Republica Dominicana and Costa Rica.

It is simply a preparation of milk, sugar and vanilla, boiled for a long time until it becomes thick and creamy.

If you want to try it the hard way:

Milk: 3 liters

Sugar: 1 Kilogram

Sodium bicarbonate: 1/2 spoon

Vanilla: 1 pod or a small quantity of essence.

Cook all the ingredients together over low heat, stirring all the time until the milk starts to boil. Lower the heat to the minimum and keep stirring, preferably with a wooden spoon doing an 8 movement, until the mixture begins to thicken and darken. Raise the heat until it starts to boil again. Remove from the heat and let it cool. It is ready to be tasted.

If you want to do it the easy way just go to the supermarket and buy a jar of Dulce de Leche Lapataia or Conaprole. If this is too easy then do the following:

Get a can of condensed milk. Put it inside a large pan and cover it with water. Boil for 2 hours. Take it out of the water (very carefully) and let it cool. Open it and you have a can of Dulce de Leche.

The Dulce de Leche can be used in many different ways. It can be eaten out of the jar, one of the great pleasures in life, or mixed with other things. Some of the great things to eat with Dulce de Leche are bananas, pancakes, flan (creme caramel) or cakes. The Alfajor is a round pastry filled with Dulce de Leche, extremely popular in Uruguay and Argentina. There is a cake called Milhojas (Thousand Leaves) that is made of many thin layers of pastry, each one separated by a thick layer of Dulce de Leche, and covered with meringue. Try it, you won`t regret it.

If you have a sweet tooth then any or all of this things are highly recommended.

Working in Uruguay

2009-07-26T14:31:00.000-07:00

I think the biggest problem to find a job in Uruguay, for foreigners, is your knowledge of Spanish. Unless you are fluent in Spanish your alternatives are limited. The second big problem, and I don´t want this to be a put down but it is a reality, is that salaries in Uruguay are generally low.

This being said, here are some alternatives:

Working as teacher of English or another language:

Berlitz (http://www.berlitz.com.uy/) is a good place. The pay is not great but previous teaching experience is not required, they train you, so it might be a good place to start.

Langland Institute (http://www.langlandinstitute.com/). The pay is better, but previous experience is a plus.

Most of the other English teaching institutes require some type of English teacher certificate. Some of them are the Anglo (www.anglo.edu.uy/), the Alianza (www.alianza.edu.uy/), London Institute (http://www.londoninstitute.edu.uy/), Instituto Dickens (www.dickens.edu.uy/), or the Alliance Francaise (www.alliancefrancaise.edu.uy/) for French speakers.

Other international companies that hire non Spanish speakers are the Indian company Tata Consultancy Services (http://www.tcs.com/worldwide/s_america/locations/uruguay/Pages/default.aspx) and the American company Sabre Holdings (http://www.sabre.com.uy/). That´s where I work, so if you want more information just contact me at aledelpino101@yahoo.com.ar.

Of course, there´s always El Gallito, the classified ads of the El Pais newspaper. Look for the section called TRABAJOS. Some of the ads published are in English.

Instrucciones del año XIII

2009-07-25T12:01:00.000-07:00

Patrick, who lives near Colonia, was interested in reading the Instrucciones. Here is my translation. But first a little history.

On May 25th 1810 the people of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata had declared in Buenos Aires their intention of becoming independent from the Spanish Crown. In 1813 a General Constituent Assembly was summoned and members of all the Provincias Unidas were invited to attend. The object was to decide the form of the future government, and to create a provisional Constitution. The people of each province were asked to elect representatives for the Assembly, who would carry "instructions" declaring the will of their voters.

Artigas summoned the people of the Banda Oriental for a Provincial Assembly in which they would chose their representatives to the General Assembly in Buenos Aires. This was called the Congreso de Tres Cruces. In this Assembly the representatives of the Pueblo Oriental were chosen, and "instructions" given to them. This instructions became know as the "Instrucciones del Año XIII".

The following is the text of these instructions:

YEAR XIII INSTRUCTIONS TO THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ORIENTAL BAND

Art. 1 - First of all we will request the total independence of these Colonies, and that they be absolved of all obligation of loyalty to the Spanish Crown and the Bourbon family, and that all political connection between these Colonies and the Spanish State should and must be totally dissolved.

Art. 2 - We will accept no other system but that of the Confederation for the reciprocal pact with the Provinces that conform our State.

Art. 3 - We will promote civic and religious freedom throughout all its imaginable extension.

Art. 4 - As the objective and end of the Government must be to preserve the equality, freedom and safety of the Citizens and the Peoples, each Province will form their own government based on this principle and under that of the Supreme Government of the Nation.

Art. 5 - This, as well as that, will be divided in legislative, executive and judicial powers.

Art. 6 - These three resorts will never be united amongst them and will be independent in their faculties.

Art. 7 - The Supreme Government will attend only to the general business of the State. The rest is particular to the Government of each Province.

Art. 8 - The territory occupied by these Peoples, from the oriental coast of the Uruguay to the Fortress of Santa Teresa, constitute only one Province called the Provincia Oriental.

Art. 9 - That the seven Peoples of Misiones, Batovía, Santa Tecla, San Rafael and Tacuarembó, today unjustly occupied by the Portuguese and that in due time will have to be claimed, will at all times be part of this Province.

Art. 10 - That by this document this Province will enter separately into a firm league of friendship with each one of the others for the mutual and general happiness, with the commitment to assist each one of the others against all violence, or attacks done on one or any one of them for reasons of religion. sovereignty, traffic or any other pretext whatsoever.

Art. 11 - That this Province retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, all power, jurisdiction and rights that are not expressly delegated by the Confederation to the United Provinces jointly in Congress.

Art. 12 - That the port of Maldonado be free to all vessels that concur for the introduction of goods or export of fruits, setting the corresponding Customs in that town, requesting to this effect that the Commander of the Forces of His British Majesty be informed of the opening of this port in order to protect the navigation and commerce of their Nation.

Art. 13 - That the port of Colonia be also authorized in the terms of the previous article.

Art. 14 - That no taxes or duties be imposed on articles exported from one province to another, and that no preference be given by any regulation of Commerce or rent to the ports of one Province over that of others, and that no vessels destined from this Province to another be forced to enter and anchor or pay duties in another.

Art. 15 - Not to allow for Law to be made for this Province over goods of foreigners who die intestate and over fines and confiscations that used to be applied for the King, and over territories belonging to it while it does not create its regulations and determines to what funds they must be applied, as it is the only one who has the Rights to do it for economic reasons within its jurisdiction.

Art. 16 - That this Province will have its own territorial Constitution, and that it has the Right to sanction the general one for the United Provinces that form the Constituent Assembly.

Art. 17 - That this Province has the right to raise the Regiments that it might need, to name the Company officers, to regulate its militia for the safety of its freedom and that the rights of its Peoples to keep and carry arms will not be violated.

Art. 18 - The military Despotism will be annihilated with constitutional barriers that ensure the Sovereignty of the Peoples.

Art. 19 - That it be needful and indispensable outside of Buenos Aires where the Government of the Provincias Unidas resides.

Art. 20 - The Constitution guarantees to the Provincias Unidas a republican form of government, and guards each one of them from the domestic violence, usurpation of Rights, freedom and security of its sovereignty that might be attempted by armed forces by one of them to suffocate the declared principles. And it will, as well, render all its attention, honour, faithfulness and religiousness to everything it believes and judges necessary to preserve for this Province the advantages of Freedom and to maintain a free Government, of pity, justice, moderation and industry. For all of which, etc.

Before Montevideo, April 13th 1813, Gervasio Artigas.

History of Punta del Este

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The first European to be know to have set foot in the region where now is Punta del Este is the Spanish explorer Juán Diaz de Solís in 1516 (please see History of Uruguay part I). There he found the entrance to the Rio de la Plata, which he thought was a way to reach the Pacific Ocean. He named the place Cabo de Santa María (Cape Santa Maria). 50 years later the fort of San Fernando was built there.

In 1829, the cape was named Villa Ituzaingó by Francisco Aguilar who drew the plans of the city to be and began building. Aguilar, a very wealthy man, used the land for agriculture and manufacturing of ceramic tiles. He was the fist ship builder of Uruguay, and also raised cattle and went into politics. He was Mayor of Maldonado and Senator. He was also given by the President exclusive rights to hunt for whales, of which plenty could be found near the coast.

In 1843 the peninsula and the Gorriti Island were sold to the brothers Lafone. They used it as saladeros, the process of salt-curing the meat. At that time the only way to go from the Punta to Maldonado was in carts and the way was very difficult as it was mostly sand with lots of dunes. To make this easier Aguilar brought dromedaries that were much more adapted to this kind of terrain.

In 1889 the first hotel was built. At that time the town was inhabited by fishermen, customs officers and the lighthouse keepers. But during the summer the population increased with people coming looking for a place to rest. Many of the inhabitants were thinking of developing the town into a seaside resort similar to Biarritz in France or Brighton in England.

In 1907 a ship called "Golondrina" arrived to the port full of people from Buenos Aires and Montevideo, that had been invited by the Society "Balneario Punta del Este". That year the town had been officially named Punta del Este by President Claudio Williman.

From that moment it never stopped growing, to become what it is now. One of the most important seaside resorts of South America, and a center of the international jet set. Properties in the zone of Punta del Este, specially heading east towards José Ignacio, are now valued in millions of dollars.

If you haven´t been there you should visit it. It´s worth it

Sunset over Punta Colorada

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Sunset over Piriapolis

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Sunset over Piriapolis

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Sunset over Montevideo

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Sunset over Punta del Este

2009-07-18T12:30:00.001-07:00

El Mate

2009-07-17T18:36:00.000-07:00

I guess one of the first strange things a foreigner notices when coming for the first time to Uruguay is the Mate. You go out for a walk and you see all around you people with a thermos flask under their arm and a strange egg shaped thing with a silver something sticking out of the top. You see they pour water from the thermos and then sip from that strange metallic straw. You have been introduced to one, maybe the most important, of Uruguay´s customs. The MATE.

The Mate is an infusion that is drunk in Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and some parts of Chile. It is made from the leaves of the "yerba mate" (Ilex paraguayensis) dried, cut and ground. It is a tonic and antioxidant and helps to reduce cholesterol.

The elements used in the process are the following:

* The Yerba (herb): there are many different brands, being "Canaria" probably the most popular in Uruguay.

* The Mate: the vase in which the yerba is placed. It is, usually egg shaped and has a narrow mouth. Originally it was made from a kind of pumpkin but nowadays they can be found made of silver, leather, wood, porcelain or glass. The important thing is that the egg/pumpkin shape be maintained.

     * The Bombilla: the "straw" that is used to sip the mate. It is usually made of metal (sometimes silver). It has three parts: The mouthpiece: sometimes curved to make it more comfortable when sipping. It usually has some metal ring that serves as decoration and also to avoid excessive temperature of the metal in order to protect the lips.
        The tube: through which the liquid passes.
        The bulb: an oblong piece, full of holes, that strains the herb and allows the liquid to pass.
        The Water: the temperature of the water must be around 60° / 80° C (140° / 176° F). It must never boil because then it looses oxygen and causes the mate to lose flavour.

The Process:
The yerba is poured into the Mate, almost up to the top. The bombilla is pushed inside the Mate until the bulb reaches the bottom. A little bit of water, usually cold, is poured in to "wet" the yerba. Then hot water is poured until it floods the yerba without drowning it. Just enough water. Usually the first sip is not very tasty because the yerba is not ready. Then you sip until the yerba goes dry, no more liquid comes up, and you pour water again. This is repeated until either you run out of water, or the yerba is so used up that it becomes tasteless.

The yerba mate has a very bitter taste, but not unpleasant. In Argentina and Chile it is sometimes sweetened with sugar to make it less bitter. That would be unthinkable in Uruguay. In Argentina they also make an infusion type drink using the yerba mate called "mate cocido". That is also considered a "sin" by Uruguayans.

The Mate ceremony is usually a social activity in which it is shared by a group of friends or co-workers. In this ceremony there is one person who acts as cebador, the one who always pours the water into the mate. He pours the first one and sips it as it is the least tasteful one. Then he pours again and passes it on to somebody else. That person sips until the water runs out and gives it back to the cebador. He pours water again and passes it to somebody else. This way the Mate goes round and round and everybody is part of the ceremony. If somebody, when he hands the mate back to the cebador, says gracias (thank you) it means he does not want to sip anymore and will not be handed the mate again.

I have met quite a few foreigners who have become "addicted" to the yerba mate. You might want to try it, you never know. It will be an interesting experience. A good way to start is to participate in a ceremony with some Uruguayan friends. You might like it and start wondering how much yerba you will have to take everytime you go back home.

A short history of Uruguay - Part I

2009-07-14T14:34:00.000-07:00

The current territory of Uruguay, before the discovery of the Rio de la Plata (Silver River but generally known as River Plate) by the Spanish explorers, was inhabited by various native tribes mostly of the “guaraní-tupí” ethnic and linguistic group. The tribes that lived in what is now Uruguay were mainly the Charrúas, the Minuanos, the Yaros, the Bohanes and the Guenoas. They were mostly nomads and lived of hunting and fishing.

The Rio de la Plata was discovered in 1516 by the Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís who was searching for a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, and a way towards Asia. When he found the estuary of the river he thought that was the path he was looking for. They slowly made their way west until they arrived to the site near what is now the city of Colonia. There he realized that it was a river and not the passage West he had expected.

Trying to find more information from natives they saw ashore, Solis and some mariners disembarked in a spot near Carmelo, but they were attacked by the Charrúas and killed. The expedition was abandoned and the rest of the mariners returned to Spain.

In 1536, Pedro de Mendoza founded what he called the port of Santa María Nuestra Señora de los Buenos Ayres on the opposite side of the Rio de la Plata. This fortress port did not survive long as they were attacked by native tribes. But the Spanish crown needed a port of access to the Atlantic ocean, so they built a second city in the same spot, which they called Ciudad de la Santisima Trinidad y Puerto de Nuestra Señora del Buen Ayre, which goes to show that the Spanish lords were not in for short names.

The Spanish conquerors founded also the city of Asunción, in what is now Paraguay, and from there started building cities and fortresses in all the territories that now are Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile and Perú. But the "oriental" side of the territory, east of the river Uruguay, was difficult to conquer because of the defense of the Charrúa natives. In 1605 Governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra (Hernandarias), first American born ruler (he had been born in Asunción), seeing that the land was excellent for growing cattle, sent one hundred cows and horses to be set free in that territory. The pastures were so good that the animals multiplied so that two centuries later they were counted by the million. This territory, then called La Banda Oriental (the oriental band) become very interesting due to the great quantity of meat and leather available. It was specially interesting for the Portuguese in Brazil as it also offered access to the Rio de la Plata.

In 1680 they invaded the territory. They built the port of Colonia del Sacramento in front of Buenos Aires. But when the Portuguese began to build a fort further up the river, the Spanish saw their access to the Rio de la Plata threatened and send an expedition to force them to leave the territory. When the Portuguese receded the Spanish built a fortress to maintain a defence of their territories. Soon a city called San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo began to grow next to the fort.

There are different theories on the origin of the name Montevideo. One states that a Portugese mariner when he saw the hill of Montevideo shouted, “Monte vide eu” which means “I saw a hill”.

A second theory states that an exploratory ship sailing up the Rio de la Plata counted the hill of Montevideo as the sixth hill or mount going from East to West. This was written down as “Monte VI-D-E-O” (Monte VI de Este a Oeste) which means “VI Mount going from East to West”. I´m not sure if it´s likely but it surely is romantic.

Montevideo soon developed and grew into an important city for the Virreinato del Rio de la Plata (Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata) that had its capital in Buenos Aires. The other important city in the Banda Oriental was Colonia del Sacramento that for many years went back and forth between the Spanish and the Portuguese.

In 1806 and 1807 the Rio de la Plata was invaded by an English army and the cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo taken and placed under the British Crown. Receiving no support from Spain or the Viceroy a defense was organized by local soldiers and civilians. The English were finally defeated and they retreated. This gave the inhabitants of the Rio de la Plata the first notion that they could function on their own without the support of Spain. This was the first seed of what later on led to the independence from Spain.

In 1810 Buenos Aires declared its will to become an independent state and under the military leadership of Generals José de San Martin and Manuel Belgrano began the war of Independence. Most of the inhabitants of the Banda Oriental did nos support this effort. On July 9th 1816 what is now Argentina became an independent state named Provincias Unidas del Sud (United Provinces of the South).

In 1822 Brazil declared its Independence from the Portuguese crown. They invaded the Banda Oriental which had been abandoned by the Spanish government. In 1825 a group of 33 men, now famous as the "33 Orientales", led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja crossed the river in small boats and disembarked on the coast of the Uruguay river. Slowly they made their way towards Montevideo, gathering followers on the way, and were able to free the region from the Brazilian invaders. The Argentine Congress in Buenos Aires declared the Independence of the Oriental Province. Brazil then declared war against the Provincias Unidas and this led to a long and bloody war, known as the War of Brazil or Argentine-Brazilian War, that lasted almost three years. Finally peace was achieved.

As a consequence of the peace treaty, the Banda Oriental became a country independent both from Brazil and from Argentina that became known as "El Estado Oriental del Uruguay". Later on it became La República Oriental del Uruguay, better known just as Uruguay.